Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Water Quality Assessment in Manjo, Cameroon

Abstract

The seasonal variability of hydrogeochemistry and water quality in the Manjo area was investigated to ascertain its suitability for domestic and agricultural purposes. Thirty-five (35) water samples (20 in the dry and 15in the wet seasons) were collected and analyzed for major ions.  Physio-chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids) were measured in situ. Results revealed acidic to basic waters with low mineralization in the two seasons. During the dry season, sodium (Na⁺) dominated the cation composition, while calcium (Ca²⁺) became dominant in the wet season. Bicarbonate (HCO₃-) remained the primary anion in both seasons. Incongruent dissolution of silicate minerals, cation exchange, and little contribution from anthropogenic activities were identified as the main controls of water chemistry. The major ions met the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines but nitrate (NO₃-) in some samples exceeded the limit. Most water samples were classified as slightly hard. The water sources were suitable for agricultural purposes based on various parameters (EC, SAR, KR, RSC). The baseline hydrochemical data realized will be useful for the sustainable management and development of water resources.